class: title, center, middle # Background: Islam and History  ### Christopher Witulski, Ph.D. ### College of Musical Arts --- # Adhan (or Azan) * Discussed in the reading (Track 1, page 2) * Muezzin often, but not always, semi-professional * Mastery of the maqamat (rare, but impressive) * Aurally defining community (Lee 1999) * And time: Fajr, zuhr, 'asr, maghrib, 'isha (p. 7) --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ATH-b2EH5wg?si=vZikqeRSqBOPki52" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> ### The adhan in Mecca --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PIsvtHF0WA8?si=_Fj2n6WKszA-oDO5" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> ### The adhan in Fez --- # Basics ## Language and dialects * Arabic * MSA (fusha), Colloquial (daraja, etc.) ## Texts * Qur'an * Sunna * Hadith --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9wgatdTo9L4?si=WZQ3J9MRouWdx8Tu" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> ### Abdu Hafid making sfinj --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fSv0C8KQlEw?si=iDCCH1aCDq13Y5iZ" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> ### Qur'an recitation competition --- # The Pillars of Islam -- * Shahada: witness, belief * "There is no god but God": *La illaha illa Allah* * Sahah: daily prayers * Zakah: almsgiving * Sawm: fasting (especially during Ramadan) * al-Hajj: the pilgrimage to Mecca --- # (Very) Early History * Allah: monotheistic in the face of polytheists * Mohammed (d. 632): "Rasul Allah" and seal of the prophets * Fled Mecca with followers to Medina in 622 (beginning of hijra calendar) * Retook Mecca, now the pilgrimage center .center[.image-50[]] --- # Rightly Guided Caliphs * Four elected leaders following Mohammed's death, companions of the prophet * Dissent after the dealth of ʿAli (Prophet's son-in-law) lead to Sunni/Shiʿa divide * Massive expansion during these first years and under the first major empire --- class: middle, center .image-100[] ## Islamic expansion: 622 to 750 AD --- # Later Empires * Ummayad Empire (661-750) * Moved capital to Damascus (modern day Syria) * Abbasid Empire (750-1258) * Moved capital to Baghdad, fostered arts, culture, scholarship * Andalusian empires (early 700s to 1492) * Different empires in the Iberian peninsula and Morocco * Ottoman Empire (1299-1924) * Turkish origins, reached into Europe, N. Africa --- class: middle, center  ## Islamic expansion: later empires --- class: middle, center .image-100[] ## Muslim populations worldwide --- class: middle, center .image-100[] ## Map quiz! --- # Sects * Sunni (75-90%) * Ahl as-Sunna, follow one of four legal schools * Shiʿa (10-20%) * Believe that Mohammed appointed ʿAli the rightful heir -- ## Approaches to faith and practice * Salafi/Wahhabi * Sunnis taking first generation as an example of right practice * Sufi * Umbrella term for diverse and unrelated esoteric practices --- # Key terms from Sufism * Tariqa: path * Shiekh: teacher/guide * Zawiya: sanctuary or lodge -- ## Religious practice and experience * Dhikr: remembrance * Hal: condition * Fnaʾ: extinction * Samaʿa/sama'i: listening, listener --- class: middle, center <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6SSM2mQjBL8?si=gLA16Xy-c8zVibbz" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> ### A "Sufi Nights" performance in Fez, 2006 --- class: title, center, middle # Background: Islam and History  ### Christopher Witulski, Ph.D. ### College of Musical Arts