Instruments and Musical Structures

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# Instruments and Musical Structures

![BGSU](/assets/bgsu.png)

### Christopher Witulski, Ph.D.

### College of Musical Arts

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# Key musical terms

* Maqam (like rast and hijaz)
  * Similar to mode, we'll spend more time on this later
* Taqsim and muwwal/layali
  * Instrumental and vocal improvisations
* Iqa'
  * Rhythmic cycles, we'll look at some in a moment
* Sama'i
  * From *sama'a*, to listen: people who can listen fully
* Tarab
  * Enchantment or ecstasy, falling into the music

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# Instruments and ensembles

* Takht
  * A small ensemble that we will review in a moment
* Firqa
  * The expanded orchestra, common by the mid-20th century
* Wasla
  * A suite of pieces and improvisations

## Let's look at the *takht* instruments first

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
]

.right-column[
# Percussion instruments

.center[.image-30[![Darbouka](/assets/darbouka.png)]
.image-50[![Riqq](/assets/riqq.png)]]
]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
]

.right-column[

### Riqq solo

]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
]

.right-column[

### Sarit Hadad, darbouka solo (2017)

]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
]

.right-column[
.center[.image-100[![ʿUd](/assets/ud.jpg)]
.image-50[!['Ud and the lute'](/assets/oud-lute.png)]]
]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
]

.right-column[
.image-100[![ʿUd shop](/assets/ud1.png)]
]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
]

.right-column[
.image-100[![ʿUd shop](/assets/ud2.png)]
]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
]

.right-column[
### Michael Ibrahim with the NAO: "Wa'id (Promise)"

]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
## Nay
]

.right-column[

### End blown flute

.image-50.image-float-right[![Nay](/assets/nay.png)]

* Pronounced like "high"
* Made from bamboo
* Part of a set
* Open holes allow for microtones
]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
## Nay
]

.right-column[
### Michael Ibrahim: Taqsim on rast

]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
## Nay
## Qanun
]

.right-column[
.image-40.image-float-right[![Qanun](/assets/qanun-cropped.png)]

## Zither like instrument

* Know the dulcimer?
* Notice the levers?

.image-100[![Qanun](/assets/qanun-player.jpg)]

]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
## Nay
## Qanun
]

.right-column[

### National Arab Orchestra: *Zuruni*, Firas Zreik

]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
## Nay
## Qanun
## Violin
]

.right-column[

### Same Violin, called a *kaman*

* Retuned to play Arab modal systems
* Traditionally, just one… but that changes
* Ensemble can also include cellos, violas, bass

]

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
## Nay
## Qanun
## Violin
]

.right-column[

### Layth Sadiq: "Raqsat Huzam"

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.left-column[
## Darbouka and riqq
## ʿUd
## Nay
## Qanun
## Violin
## Voice
]

.right-column[

### The NAO with Mai Farouk: “il-Wardi Gamil”

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# Interactivity

.center[
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LvKEp32QNwo?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen>
</iframe>

### Abdou Dagher and Lutfi Bushnaq in Beirut
]

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# Rhythms (Iqa'at)

* Maqsum
  * D T - T D - T -
  * Dulab Rast
  
<audio controls="controls">
  <source src="/assets/maqsum-wasla-rast-dulab.m4a" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>

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# Rhythms (Iqa'at)

* Masmudi
  * D D - T - D - T -
  * Fairouz: "Amara Ya Amara"

.center[
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-15AtJiV0Jk?si=QbR7Rqp8aRXb6e9W" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
]

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# Rhythms (Iqa'at)

* Sa'idi
  * D T - D D - T -
  * Mizmar song

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# Rhythms (Iqa'at)

* Wahda (malfuf when fast)
  * D - - T - - T -
  * Rahim al-Haj: "Letter 5 (Going Home)" (at 2:30)

.center[
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sBGpLmrue70?si=_YZ4NoybsVbYrZ-l&start=148" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
]

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# Rhythms (Iqa'at)

* Wahda (malfuf when fast)
  * D - - T - - T -
  * As malfuf: Wasla Bayati

* Sama'i
  * D - - T - D D T - - 
  * Sama'i Rast

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# Rhythms (Iqa'at) in pop

.center[
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UBBxGHvjNFM?si=pP-z9NiY-SfTx35P&start=148" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>

### Nancy Ajram: "Ma Tegi Hena" (note the maqsum/sa'idi)]
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# Rhythms (Iqa'at)

## Together, for good measure

* Maqsum
  * D T - T D - T -
* Masmudi
  * D D - T - D - T -
* Sa'idi
  * D T - D D - T -
* Wahda (malfuf when fast)
  * D - - T - - T -
* Sama'i
  * D - - T - D D T - -

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class: title, center, middle

# Instruments and Musical Structures

![BGSU](/assets/bgsu.png)

### Christopher Witulski, Ph.D.

### College of Musical Arts